Free tools · Measured from space

Heat in Ward 31, Mnquma

Summer 2025/26: the ground in Ward 31, Mnquma reached about 35 °C on clear mornings. That is the ground (roofs, roads, soil), not the air. Only the summer of 2018/19 was hotter since 2014. In summer the ground here reads −1.6 °C against its municipality’s average (since 2014).

Land surface temperature is how hot the ground itself is: roofs, roads, bare soil and leaves, as a satellite sees them from above. Landsat passes at about 10 in the morning and sees only through clear skies. It is not the air temperature a weather station gives: on a sunny day the ground is often 10 to 20 degrees hotter than the air, and hard, dark, dry surfaces heat up most while trees, grass and water stay cooler.

What it is not: not the afternoon peak, not the night, not the air you feel in the shade, and not a reading at any one house. A month with clouds rests on few clear looks.

Summer 2025/26

34.8 °CThe ground, not the airDecember to February, clear mornings
2018/19Hottest summer since 201437.7 °C; the coolest was 2021/22, 30.1 °C
−1.6 °CAgainst its municipalityThe ward’s summers against the municipality’s average, 8 summers since 2014

Every summer since 1995

Each summer (December to February, named by the year it ends) on clear mornings. Bars start at 26 °C, not zero. Darker: Landsat 8 and 9 (from 2014); lighter: Landsat 5 and 7. A gap is a summer seen too little.

Show the numbers

Land surface temperature each summer, 1995 to 2026: every figure
When or what	Figure
Summer 1994 to 95	36.9 °C
Summer 1998 to 99	31.1 °C
Summer 1999 to 00	33.2 °C
Summer 2001 to 02	32.3 °C
Summer 2002 to 03	35.5 °C
Summer 2006 to 07	28.0 °C
Summer 2011 to 12	29.7 °C
Summer 2012 to 13	32.1 °C
Summer 2013 to 14	31.2 °C
Summer 2017 to 18	31.5 °C
Summer 2018 to 19	37.7 °C
Summer 2021 to 22	30.1 °C
Summer 2022 to 23	31.3 °C
Summer 2023 to 24	32.5 °C
Summer 2024 to 25	32.6 °C
Summer 2025 to 26	34.8 °C

The shape of a year

Each month’s average since 2014, clear mornings. Bars start at 15 °C.

Show the numbers

Land surface temperature by calendar month, since 2014: every figure
When or what	Figure
January	35.0 °C
February	32.2 °C
March	28.3 °C
April	25.3 °C
May	20.7 °C
June	17.7 °C
July	17.8 °C
August	21.6 °C
September	25.4 °C
October	29.4 °C
November	31.6 °C
December	34.3 °C

Month by month

Month	Land surface temperature	Clear looks
October 2026	25.7 °C	4.2
September 2026	23.6 °C	2.2
August 2026	21.7 °C	5.7
July 2026	14.1 °C	3.0
June 2026	20.1 °C	1.9
May 2026	22.7 °C	6.3
April 2026	25.5 °C	2.4
March 2026	Seen too little	0.1
February 2026	31.0 °C	3.8
January 2026	40.5 °C	2.1
December 2025	33.1 °C	0.8
November 2025	Seen too little	0.0
October 2025	30.2 °C	4.1
September 2025	22.5 °C	3.1
August 2025	19.0 °C	3.9
July 2025	17.7 °C	5.9
June 2025	16.6 °C	3.4
May 2025	20.0 °C	7.6
April 2025	25.1 °C	2.0
March 2025	24.8 °C	3.0
February 2025	33.2 °C	1.9
January 2025	33.2 °C	2.0
December 2024	31.4 °C	3.9
November 2024	31.3 °C	1.4

“Clear looks” is how many times the average 240 m patch of the place was seen through clear sky that month. Under one, part of the place was not seen at all, so the figure leans on the part that was.

Mnquma and its wards · Every municipality, ranked

Source

Measured from space by the American Landsat satellites: the ground, not the air.

How we worked this out

Landsat 5 to 2011, Landsat 7 to bridge the gaps, Landsat 8 and 9 from 2013: different satellites pass at slightly different times, so compare summers within the same years first.

What we changed: we kept only the clear land cells (no cloud, cloud shadow, snow or water, with a margin round each cloud), read them at 480 m, and averaged them over each 2026 ward each month; larger places are the sums of their wards.

Landsat imagery courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey (Landsat Collection 2 surface temperature, through Digital Earth Africa’s copy).

Dataset: land surface temperature by ward, release of 13 November 2026.