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Surface water in Ward 8, Makana
In 2025, Ward 8, Makana had none of open water on average, none of it nearly all year. The wettest year since 1984 was 1989 (0.04 km²); the driest 1986 (none).
Open water seen on the ground from space: dams, lakes, rivers wide enough to see, pans, wetlands with open water and flooded fields. Each year, the Landsat satellites look at every 30 m spot many times; where the sky is clear, each look says water or not. The average water area counts each spot for the share of its clear looks that were wet. Permanent water was wet in more than 80% of the clear looks; seasonal water was wet at least once but less often than that.
What it isn’t: not how full a dam is (that is the Department of Water and Sanitation’s weekly level, by volume), not groundwater, not rain, and not water in pipes or tanks. Narrow rivers, water under trees or bridges and anything smaller than about 30 m are missed. A year with few clear looks (cloud, or the early years when fewer satellites flew) is less sure, and 1988 is missing everywhere because Digital Earth Africa does not have it: a missing year is left out, never counted as dry.
2025
- noneWater on average0.00% of the land; 0% of the 1991 to 2020 average (0.01 km²)
- nonePermanentWater in more than 80% of the clear looks
- 0.02 km²SeasonalWet at least once, but not most of the year
- 90%Of the place seenThe share with at least one clear look
The wettest and driest years
- 1989Wettest, 0.04 km²0.22 km² wet at some point
- 1986Driest, nonenone permanent
Among the 39 years in which at least 90% as much of the place was seen as in its best year (2 less well seen years are left out), so a cloudy year cannot pass for a dry one.
Every year since 1984
Show the numbers
| When or what | Figure |
|---|---|
| 1984 | 0.02 km² on average, 0.01 km² permanent |
| 1985 | none on average, none permanent |
| 1986 | none on average, none permanent |
| 1987 | none on average, none permanent |
| 1988 | not held |
| 1989 | 0.04 km² on average, 0.01 km² permanent |
| 1990 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1991 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1992 | 0.02 km² on average, 0.01 km² permanent |
| 1993 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1994 | 0.02 km² on average, 0.01 km² permanent |
| 1995 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1996 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1997 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1998 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 1999 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2000 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2001 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2002 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2003 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2004 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2005 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2006 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2007 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2008 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2009 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2010 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2011 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2012 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2013 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2014 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2015 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2016 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2017 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2018 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2019 | 0.02 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2020 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2021 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2022 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2023 | none on average, none permanent |
| 2024 | 0.01 km² on average, none permanent |
| 2025 | none on average, none permanent |
| Year | Water on average | Permanent | Seasonal | Wet at some point | Seen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | none | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 90% |
| 2024 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2023 | none | none | 0.04 km² | 0.04 km² | 91% |
| 2022 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.12 km² | 0.12 km² | 91% |
| 2021 | none | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2020 | none | none | 0.05 km² | 0.05 km² | 91% |
| 2019 | 0.02 km² | none | 0.53 km² | 0.53 km² | 91% |
| 2018 | none | none | 0.03 km² | 0.03 km² | 91% |
| 2017 | none | none | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 91% |
| 2016 | none | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2015 | none | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2014 | none | none | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 91% |
| 2013 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2012 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2011 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 90% |
| 2010 | none | none | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 91% |
| 2009 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 90% |
| 2008 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 90% |
| 2007 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2006 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2005 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.11 km² | 0.11 km² | 91% |
| 2004 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.03 km² | 0.03 km² | 91% |
| 2003 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 2002 | none | none | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 91% |
| 2001 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.04 km² | 0.04 km² | 91% |
| 2000 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.03 km² | 0.03 km² | 91% |
| 1999 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 1998 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 90% |
| 1997 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.04 km² | 0.04 km² | 91% |
| 1996 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.03 km² | 0.03 km² | 91% |
| 1995 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 1994 | 0.02 km² | 0.01 km² | 0.04 km² | 0.05 km² | 91% |
| 1993 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 1992 | 0.02 km² | 0.01 km² | 0.01 km² | 0.02 km² | 90% |
| 1991 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.02 km² | 0.02 km² | 91% |
| 1990 | 0.01 km² | none | 0.03 km² | 0.03 km² | 91% |
| 1989 | 0.04 km² | 0.01 km² | 0.21 km² | 0.22 km² | 91% |
| 1987 | none | none | none | none | 56% |
| 1986 | none | none | none | none | 90% |
| 1985 | none | none | none | none | 0% |
| 1984 | 0.02 km² | 0.01 km² | 0.02 km² | 0.03 km² | 90% |
A year missing from the table is one Digital Earth Africa does not have for this place (1988 everywhere, 1985 in some places).
Every municipality, ranked · On the explore map
Source
Measured from space by the American Landsat satellites: not a survey on the ground.
Credits and how we worked this out
Water Observations from Space, Digital Earth Africa (CC BY 4.0), modified: we counted each 30 m pixel over every 2026 ward and added the wards up into municipalities, districts and provinces. Under CC BY 4.0, from the AWS Registry of Open Data.
Landsat imagery courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Mueller, N. and others (2016): Water observations from space: mapping surface water from 25 years of Landsat imagery across Australia, Remote Sensing of Environment 174, 341 to 352.
Dataset: surface water by ward, release of 12 November 2026.